or colophony. Natural resin produced from the extraction of various species of pine trees, and more precisely, obtained from the residue of the distillation of turpentine. It appears in yellow blocks, is semi-transparent and easily pulverized. It is soluble in oil of turpentine, alcohol and chloroform, among other substances. Even though low in cost, it is scarcely employed as a resin for varnishes, as it produces a film that tends to darken and easily become opaque in humidity. Mixing it with wax creates an optimal result as the wax is harder, works better as a glue and, above all, lowers the fusion point: in restoration (in particular in the realization of hot wax-resins as adhesives and consolidants), this allows one to work on a painting without utilizing temperatures that are too high.